SOFTSKILL BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2

UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA

                                                              

                                                    

SOFTSKILL BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2

Nama              :Elvita Yenti

NPM               :22213889

Jurusan          : Akuntansi

UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA

BEKASI

2016

1.      Simple present , present continous , simple past , past continous. Find the theory about thesetense , function and give 5 examples of each tense !

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

a.      Pengertian Simple Present Tense

Simple Present Tense adalah kalimat yang menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau kegiatan yang berlangsung/terjadi pada waktu sekarang dalam bentuk sederhana atau pekerjaan yang dilakukan berulang-ulang, kebiasaan sehari-hari, peristiwa atau perbuatan yang tidak ada kaitannya dengan waktu, dan untuk mengekspresikan kebenaran umum.

Simple present tense dibentuk dari verb-1 (present tense) atau linking verb “be” (is, am, are). Apa itu verb-1? Verb-1 merupakan bare infinitive dengan tambahan -s atau -es (contoh verb-1: does, goes, wants) khusus untuk subject berupa singular noun (kata benda tunggal: Tita, book, car) atau third person singular pronoun (kata ganti orang ketiga tunggal: she, he, it); atau tanpa tambahan apapun (contoh verb-1: do, go, want) untuk subject berupa plural noun (boys, men, books) atau plural pronoun (we, they), pronoun I/you, atau compound subject (you and me, Tina and Ratih).

b.       Rumus/pola dalam Simple Present Tense

Kalimat Nominal

·         I am

·         They

·         We Are

·         You

·         He

·         She Is

·         It

Dengan demikian rumus simple present tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif sebagai berikut.

Kalimat	Rumus Simple Present Tense	Contoh Simple Present Tense
positif (+)	S + V-1 S +/- auxiliary (do/does) + bare infinitive S + be (am/is/are)	She likes eating out The children are naughty
negatif (-)	S + auxiliary (do/does) + not + bare infinitive S + be(am/is/are) + not	She doesn’t like eating out The children aren’t naughty
interogatif (?)	Do/Does + S + bare infinitive Be(am/is/are) + S	Does she like eating out Are the children naughty

Catatan:

Pada kalimat positif, normalnya auxiliary verb (do/does) tidak digunakan, melainkan hanya digunakan jika perlu untuk memberi penekanan pada keharusan melakukan aksi.

Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Present Tense

Fungsi	Contoh Kalimat Simple Present Tense
Simple present tense untuk menyatakan habitual action (kebiasaan) dimana sering digunakan adverb of frequency (always, often, usually, every day/week, month, all the time, etc) sebagai time signals.	He always consumes low GI rice. (Dia selalu mengonsumsi beras rendah GI.)
	She sends much money to her parents in the village every month. (Dia mengirimkan banyak uang kepada orangtuanya di desa setiap bulan.)
Factual (kebenaran umum/fakta yang tak terbantahkan)	The sun rises from the east and sets in the west. (Matahari terbit dari ufuk timur dan tenggelam di ufuk barat.)
	Water boils at 100 degrees Celcius. (Air mendidih pada suhu 100 derajat celcius.)
Simple present tense digunakan untuk membuat simple statement yang berlaku general (berlaku kapan saja) maupun tidak general (menggunakan verb be).	I live in Jakarta. (Saya tinggal di Jakarta)
	She is so beautiful. (Dia sangat cantik.)
	He’s angry. (Dia marah.) [tidak general: terjadi sekarang]
Simple present tense menggunakan stative verb untuk menyatakan perasaan (feeling), indera (sense), pikiran (mental state), atau kepemilikan (possession).	She loves dancing. (Dia suka menari.)
	I see tears in your eyes. (Saya melihat air mata di matamu.)
	We agree with the speaker’s opinion. (Kami setuju dengan pendapat pembicara tersebut.)
	My brother owns a new house. (Saudaraku memiliki rumah baru.)
Simple present tense digunakan untuk membicarakan rencana atau jadwal di masa depan namun memiliki jangka waktu dekat dengan sekarang. Umumnya membicarakan tentang transportasi atau event. Verb yang biasa digunakan antara lain: arrive, come, leave.	The ship leaves the harbour this night at 7 o’clock. (Kapal meninggalkan pelabuhan malam ini jam 7.)
	He arrives from Osaka at 1 pm. (Dia tiba dari Osaka jam 1 siang.)
	The ceremony starts at nine. (Upacara dimulai jam sembilan.)
Simple present tense digunakan untuk memberikan instruksi atau serial aksi.	You add a glass of coconut milk into a pan and then boil it. (Kamu tambah segelas santan ke dalam panci lalu rebus.)
	You go straight ahead then turn left. (Kamu jalan lurus ke depan lalu belok kiri.)
Simple present tense digunakan pada conditional sentence tipe 1.	If you meet the naughty boy, your parents will be angry. (Jika kamu bertemu dengan anak nakal itu, orangtuamu akan marah.)
	I will go swimming if I have free time. (Saya akan pergi berenang jika ada waktu.)

Present Continuous Tense

a.       Pengertian Present Continuous

Dalam Bahasa Inggris, dikenal berbagai bentuk tense. Tense ini digunakan untuk menyebut perubahan bentuk kata kerja berdasarkan waktu terjadinya. Dalam pengertian Present Continuous Tense merupakan tense bentuk yang menunjuk pada tindakan yang sedang berlangsung sekarang atau ketika pembicaraan itu sedang berlangsung. Jadi tindakan itu sudah dimulai, dan belum berakhir ketika pembicaraan itu berlangsung.

Selain itu, tense ini juga bisa digunakan untuk bentuk tindakan yang berlangsung hanya untuk jangka waktu yang singkat. Kita juga bisa menggunakan tense ini untuk membicarakan suatu perubahan atau perkembangan yang sedang berlangsung dalam rentang waktu yang lama. Selain itu, tense ini juga bisa dipakai untuk menyebut suatu tindakan yang akan di dilakukan di masa depan (perencanaan). Umumnya, tense ini juga biasa disebut Present Progressive Tense.

b.    Contoh Penggunaan Present Continuous Tense

1. Kejadian yang sedang berlangsung sekarang atau kegiatan sementara.
Contoh : Mr. Teguh is writing a new book. (Mr. Teguh sedang menulis buku baru)

2. Rencana di masa depan yang sudah pasti waktunya (pribadi).
Contoh : I am going to Surabaya at 07.30 tomorrow. (Saya akan pergi ke Surabaya jam 7.30 besok)

3. perubahan atau perkembangan yang sedang berlangsung dalam rentang waktu yang lama. Contoh : The earth is getting older (Bumi ini semakin tua)

Rumus Present Continuous Tense

Berikut rumus present continuous tense untuk membuat kalimat-kalimat

A. Positif:
subject + to be (am, is, are) + Verb – ing + object
Contoh : I am watching TV now

B. Negatif :
subject + to be + not + verb – ing + object
Contoh : Mr. Khanafi is not going to Jakarta atau
Mr. Khanafi isn’t going to Jakarta

C. Tanya :
to be + subject + verb – ing + object
Is Mrs. Annisa cooking in the kitchen ?

Dalam pembentukan tense ini, dibutuhkan :

A. Bentuk “to be”

1. Tunggal,
I am (orang pertama)
You are (orang kedua)
He / she / it is (orang ketiga)

2. Jamak,
We are (orang pertama)
You are (orang kedua)
They are (orang ketiga)

B. bentuk kata kerja “-ing”
Contoh :
go + ing = going

C. Keterangan waktu (adverb of time) yang sering digunakan dalam Present Continuous tense : now, right now, at the moment, just, still dan tomorrow (digunakan khusus untuk yang menunjuk suatu perencanaan). Contoh:
a. I am writing a book now.
b. We are eating noodles at the moment.
c. She is still waiting for her son.
d. Tomorrow, they are going to go to Jakarta.

D. Selain itu, kita bisa juga menggunakan tense ini untuk suatu rutinitas sementara, contoh :
He is working at home this week because he is sick.
Keterangan waktu yang digunakan dalam bentuk ini adalah this week, theese days, this month, etc.

Simple Past Tense

a.       Definisi Simple Past Tense

Seorang ahli bahasa inggris mendefinisikan Simple Past Tense sebagai berikut:

“Simple Past is used to talk about an activity or situation that began and ended at a particular time in the past. (e.g.,yesterday, last night, days ago, in 1999)” – Azar, 2003

Simple Past digunakan untuk berbicara tentang suatu kegiatan atau situasi yang dimulai dan berakhir pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau. (contoh. yesterday, lastnight, days ago, in 1999)

 Pada Simple Past Tense, verb atau kata kerja yang digunakan adalah verb II. Biasanya, sebagian besar adalah regular verb atau verb/kata kerja dibentuk dengan menambahkan akhiran -ed pada verb/kata kerja.

The function

       Simple past tense dibentuk dari verb-2 (past tense) atau linking verb “be” (was, were). Apa itu verb-2? Verb-2 merupakan bare infinitive (bentuk dasar verb) dengan tambahan -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, atau -ne untuk regular verb atau bentuk yang tidak konsisten pada irregular verb. [Baca juga: Regular dan Irregular Verb]

         Was yang merupakan singular verb digunakan pada singular subject (seperti: I, she, he, it,Andi, dan the cat) kecuali “you”, sebaliknya were yang merupakan plural verb digunakan pada plural subject (seperti: you, they, we, Andi and Susi, dan the cats)

b.      contoh:

She played badminton yesterday.

We studied English lastweek.

Atau beberapa verbs yang digunakan diantara nya adalah irregular verbs (kata kerja tidak beraturan)
contoh:

I ate breakfast this morning.

Jhonny took my book lastnight.

Agar lebih mudah memahaminya berikut KBI berikan rumus dan contoh kalimat Simple Past Tense

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Past Tense

	Rumus	Contoh Kalimat
Statement (+)	Subject (I-You-She-He-It-We-They)+ Verb II + Object	a. I-You-She-He-It-We-They studied English yesterday. b. I-You-She-He-It-We-They went to the zoo 2 days ago.
Negative (-)	Subject (I-You-She-He-It-We-They)+ did not (didn't) + Verb I + Object	a. I-You-She-He-It-We-They did not study English yesterday. b. I-You-She-He-It-We-They didn't go to the zoo 2 days ago.
Question (?)	Did + Subject (I-You-She-He-It-We-They)+ Verb I + Object ?	a. Did I-You-She-He-It-We-They study English yesterday? b. Did I-You-She-He-It-We-They go to the zoo 2 days ago?
Short Answer	Yes, Subject (I-You-She-He-It-We-They) + did No, Subject (I-You-She-He-It-We-They) + did not (didn't)	Yes, I-You-She-He-It-We-They did No, I-You-She-He-It-We-They did not (didn't)

Sedangkan pada verbs bentuk “to be” seperti ini:

	Rumus	Contoh Kalimat
Statement (+)	Subject (I-She-He-It) + was Subject (You-We-They) + were	a. I-She-He-It was in the class tommorow. b. You-We-They were in the class tommorow.
Negative (-)	Subject (I-She-He-It) + was not (wasn't) Subject (You-We-They) + were not (weren't)	a. I-She-He-It was not (wasn't) in the class tommorow. b. You-We-They were not (weren't) in the class tommorow.
Question (?)	was + Subject (I-She-He-It) were + Subject (You-We-They)	a. was I-She-He-It in the class tommorow? b. were You-We-They in the class tommorow?
Short Answer	Yes, Subject (I-She-He-It) + was No, Subject (I-She-He-It) + was not (wasn't) Yes, Subject (You-We-They) + were No, Subject (You-We-They) + were not (weren't)	Yes, I-She-He-It was No, I-She-He-It was not (wasn't) Yes, You-We-They were No, You-We-They were not (weren't)

Contoh Kalimat Simple Past Tense

I bought a new book at the bookstore yesterday.

Mr. Smith didnt come to class lastweek.

He watched a horror movie 3 days ago.

Did Ana sing my favorite songs?

They were soldiers in 1945.

We spoke English in the classroom this morning.

My mother cooked fried rice last night.

Was Bob your brother?

She wrote a novel last month.

Andi and Budi visited my house last week.

Past Continuous Tense

a.       Pengertian Past Continuous Tense

Dalam Pengertiannya Past Continuous Tense mengungkapkan tindakan di masa lalu yang sedang berlangsung. tindakan kadang dapat juga disela oleh sesuatu. bentuk tenses bahasa inggris ini disebut juga Past Progressive Tense.
Past continuous Tense ini dibentuk dengan bantuan “to be” kata kerja, dalam bentuk lampau, ditambah dengan present participle dari kata kerja (dengan-ing akhir).

Penggunaan Past Continuous Tense

1. Tindakan yang sedang berlangsung.
2. kegiatan yang terinterupsi di masa lampau
[Past Continuous] + When + [Past Simple]
Contoh: I was reading a book when she came
Aku sedang membaca buku ketika dia datang

3. 2 atau lebih kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu yang sama di masa lalu. Jadi nanti kalimat ini menjelaskan beberapa kegiatan yang terjadi dalam 1 waktu
Contoh: While Ellen was singing, Tim was watching drama movie.
Ketika Ellen sedang bernyanyii, tim sedang menonton film drama
They were eating lunch, discussing their job, and having a good conversation.
Mereka sedang makan siang, mendiskusikan pekerjaan mereka, dan menikmati pembicaraan mereka

4. Pertanyaan bersyarat / sopan
Misalnya : I was wondering if you could carry my bag.
Aku ingin bertanya apakah kamu bisa membawa tas ku
5. waktu tertentu yang digunakan sebagai interupsi
Contoh :1.At midnight, we still walking in the forest
Saat tengah malam. Kami masih berjalan di dalam hutan
Keterangan waktu di sini dipakai untuk menentukan kegiatan itu mulai atau berhenti

6. mendeskripsikan atmosfer
Kita sering menggunakan parallel aksi untuk menjelaskan atmosfer di masa lampau
Contoh:
When I ran into the room, few people were busily writing, some were speaking to each other, the boss was shouting directions, and clients were waiting to be explained.
Ketika aku masuk ke dalam ruang , beberapa orang sedang sibuk menulis, ada yang sedang berbicara satu sama lain, bos berteriak ke segala arah, dan klien-klien menunggu untuk dijelaskan.

Rumus Past Continuous Tense

Rumus past continuous tense untuk membuat kalimat

Kalimat	Rumus	Contoh
Positif (+)	subject + to be (was/were) + verb-ing + object	-He was sleeping when I came (Dia sedang tidur ketika saya datang) -I was working all night yesterday (saya sedang bekerja sepanjang malam kemarin)
Negatif (-)	Subject + was/were + not + verb-ing + object	-He was not sleeping when I came (Dia tidak sedang tidur ketika saya datang) - I was not working all night yesterday () -
Tanya (?)	was/were + subject + verb-ing + object ?	-Was he sleeping when I came ? (apakah dia sedang tidur ketika saya datang ?) - were you working all night yesterday ? (Apakah kamu sedang bekerja sepanjang malam kemarin ?)

 EXAMPLES FOR SIMPLE PAST WITH PAST COUNTINOUS TENSE

·         My father was taking a bath when I knocked the door
(Ayaku sedang mandi ketika aku mengetuk pintu)

·         She always interrupted me when I was delivering my speech.
(Dia selalu menyela ketika aku sedang berpidato)

·          She was sleeping when you called her.
 (Dia sedang tidur ketika kamu meneleponnya.)

·          The door was knocked while I was studying.

 (Pintu diketuk ketika saya sedang belajar.)

·         She was Studying when you came                                                                                                       ( dia sedang belajar ketika kamu datang)

2.Subject-verb agreement. What is that? Make max 10 examples!

WHAT IS SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT

Although you are probably already familiar with basic subject-verb agreement, this chapter begins with a quick review of basic agreement rules.

Subjects and verbs must AGREE with one another in number (singular or plural).  Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.

EXAMPLE AND TYPE OF SUBJECT –VERB AGREEMENT

Ø  In the present tense, nouns and verbs form plurals in opposite ways: nouns ADD an s to the singular form; verbs REMOVE the s from the singular form.

EXAMPLE :

For singular : 1. The dog chases the cat

For Plural   : 2. The Dogs Chase the cat

Ø  These agreement rules do not apply to verbs used in the simple past tense without any helping verbs.

EXAMPLE :

For Singular : 1. The Girl Talked to me

For Plural  :    2. The Girls Talked to me

Ø  The agreement rules do, however, apply to the following helping verbs when they are used with a main verb: is-are, was-were, has-have, does-do.

EXAMPLE :

For Singular : 1. The Girl has Talked to me

For Plural :     2. The girls have talked to me

Ø  The agreement rules do not apply to has-have when used as the SECOND helping verb in a pair.

EXAMPLE :

For singular :  1. The Girl Could has taked to me

For Plural     :  2. The Girls Could Have talked to me

Ø  They do NOT apply to any other helping verbs, such as can, could, shall, should, may, might, will, would, must.

EXAMPLE :

For singular     : 1. The Girl Could talk To me

For plural         : 2. Th Girls Coulds Talk

Ø  The subject-verb agreement rules apply to all personal pronouns except I and you, which, although SINGULAR, require PLURAL forms of verbs

EXAMPLE :

For Singular    : 1. He talks To the Girl

For plural         :  2. we talk To the Girl

3.What is pronoun? Find the kinds of pronoun! Give 5 examples of each kind of pronoun!

What is a Pronoun?

In grammar, a pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that may be substituted for a noun or noun phrase, which once replaced, is known as the pronoun’s antecedent. How is this possible? In a nutshell, it’s because pronouns can do everything that nouns can do. A pronoun can act as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, and more.

Without pronouns, we’d have to keep on repeating nouns, and that would make our speech and writing repetitive, not to mention cumbersome. Most pronouns are very short words. Examples include:

·         He

·         She

·         They

·         It

·         We

·         Who

As mentioned, pronouns are usually used to replace nouns, however they can also stand in for certain adverbs, adjectives, and other pronouns. Anytime you want to talk about a person, animal, place or thing, you can use pronouns to make your speech or writing flow better.

KINDS OF PRONOUNS

·         Indefinite pronouns – those referring to one or more unspecified objects, beings, or places

·         Personal pronouns – those associated with a certain person, thing, or group; all except you have distinct forms that indicate singular or plural number

·         Reflexive pronouns – those preceded by the adverb, adjective, pronoun, or noun to which they refer, and ending in –self or –selves

·         Demonstrative pronouns – those used to point to something specific within a sentence

·         Possessive pronouns – those designating possession or ownership

·         Relative pronouns – those which refer to nouns mentioned previously, acting to introduce an adjective (relative) clause

·         Interrogative pronouns – those which introduce a question

·         Reciprocal pronouns – those expressing mutual actions or relationship; i.e. one another

·         Intensive pronouns – those ending in –self or –selves and that serve to emphasize their antecedents

EXAMPLE OF PRONOUN

·         We are going on vacation.

·         Don’t tell me that you can’t go with us.

·         Anybody who says it won’t be fun has no clue what they are talking about.

·         These are terribly steep stairs.

·         We ran into each other at the mall.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/pronouns-2/

https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/moduleSVAGR.htm

http://www.belajaringgris.net/past-continuous-tense-802.html

http://www.kuliahbahasainggris.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-simple-present-tense-lengkap/